diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2623e19..af90b27 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -240,3 +240,10 @@ Le script relit `data/intermediate/sets_enriched.csv`, `data/intermediate/parts_
 2. `python -m scripts.plot_minifig_characters`
 
 Le script lit `data/intermediate/minifigs_by_set.csv`, compte le nombre de minifigs distinctes par personnage (`known_character` + `fig_num`), écrit `data/intermediate/minifig_characters_counts.csv`, puis trace `figures/step22/minifig_characters.png` (barres horizontales triées).
+
+### Étape 23 : présence annuelle des personnages
+
+1. `source .venv/bin/activate`
+2. `python -m scripts.plot_minifig_characters_timeline`
+
+Le script lit `data/intermediate/minifigs_by_set.csv` et `data/intermediate/sets_enriched.csv`, construit une matrice binaire personnage × année (hors figurants) enregistrée dans `data/intermediate/minifig_characters_year_presence.csv`, puis trace `figures/step22/minifig_characters_timeline.png` (heatmap binaire).
diff --git a/lib/plots/minifig_characters.py b/lib/plots/minifig_characters.py
index 2c43fde..4eccf89 100644
--- a/lib/plots/minifig_characters.py
+++ b/lib/plots/minifig_characters.py
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ def load_counts(path: Path) -> List[dict]:
     return read_rows(path)
 
 
+def load_presence(path: Path) -> List[dict]:
+    """Charge le CSV de présence par année/personnage."""
+    return read_rows(path)
+
+
 def plot_minifigs_per_character(counts_path: Path, destination_path: Path) -> None:
     """Trace un diagramme en barres horizontales du nombre de minifigs par personnage."""
     rows = load_counts(counts_path)
@@ -40,3 +45,49 @@ def plot_minifigs_per_character(counts_path: Path, destination_path: Path) -> No
     fig.tight_layout()
     fig.savefig(destination_path, dpi=160)
     plt.close(fig)
+
+
+def plot_character_year_presence(presence_path: Path, destination_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Trace une heatmap binaire indiquant la présence d'un personnage par année."""
+    rows = load_presence(presence_path)
+    if not rows:
+        return
+    years = sorted({int(row["year"]) for row in rows})
+    characters = sorted(
+        {row["known_character"] for row in rows},
+        key=lambda name: (
+            -sum(1 for r in rows if r["known_character"] == name and r["present"] == "1"),
+            name,
+        ),
+    )
+    matrix = []
+    for character in characters:
+        row_values = []
+        for year in years:
+            present = next(
+                (r["present"] for r in rows if r["known_character"] == character and int(r["year"]) == year),
+                "0",
+            )
+            row_values.append(int(present))
+        matrix.append(row_values)
+
+    height = max(5, len(characters) * 0.35)
+    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, height))
+    cax = ax.imshow(matrix, aspect="auto", cmap="Greens", interpolation="nearest")
+    ax.set_xticks(range(len(years)))
+    ax.set_xticklabels(years, rotation=45, ha="right")
+    ax.set_yticks(range(len(characters)))
+    ax.set_yticklabels(characters)
+    ax.set_xlabel("Année")
+    ax.set_ylabel("Personnage")
+    ax.set_title("Présence des personnages par année (hors figurants)")
+    for i, character in enumerate(characters):
+        for j, year in enumerate(years):
+            value = matrix[i][j]
+            if value == 1:
+                ax.text(j, i, "●", ha="center", va="center", color="#0d0d0d", fontsize=7)
+    fig.colorbar(cax, ax=ax, fraction=0.046, pad=0.04, label="Présence (1 si minifig)")
+    ensure_parent_dir(destination_path)
+    fig.tight_layout()
+    fig.savefig(destination_path, dpi=160)
+    plt.close(fig)
diff --git a/lib/rebrickable/minifig_characters.py b/lib/rebrickable/minifig_characters.py
index 0d24b13..f3a7a69 100644
--- a/lib/rebrickable/minifig_characters.py
+++ b/lib/rebrickable/minifig_characters.py
@@ -39,3 +39,59 @@ def write_character_counts(path: Path, rows: Sequence[dict]) -> None:
         writer.writeheader()
         for row in rows:
             writer.writerow(row)
+
+
+def load_sets_enriched(path: Path) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """Indexe les années par set_num."""
+    lookup: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    with path.open() as sets_file:
+        reader = csv.DictReader(sets_file)
+        for row in reader:
+            lookup[row["set_num"]] = row["year"]
+    return lookup
+
+
+def aggregate_presence_by_year(
+    minifigs_rows: Iterable[dict],
+    sets_years: Dict[str, str],
+    excluded_characters: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+) -> List[dict]:
+    """Construit la présence binaire des personnages par année (hors figurants)."""
+    excluded = set(excluded_characters or [])
+    presence: set[tuple[str, int]] = set()
+    years_all = {int(year) for year in sets_years.values()}
+    for row in minifigs_rows:
+        character = row["known_character"].strip()
+        fig_num = row["fig_num"].strip()
+        if character == "" or fig_num == "":
+            continue
+        if character in excluded:
+            continue
+        year = sets_years.get(row["set_num"])
+        if year is None:
+            continue
+        presence.add((character, int(year)))
+    years = sorted(years_all)
+    characters = sorted({character for character, _ in presence})
+    results: List[dict] = []
+    for character in characters:
+        for year in years:
+            results.append(
+                {
+                    "known_character": character,
+                    "year": str(year),
+                    "present": "1" if (character, year) in presence else "0",
+                }
+            )
+    return results
+
+
+def write_presence_by_year(path: Path, rows: Sequence[dict]) -> None:
+    """Écrit la matrice présence binaire année/personnage."""
+    ensure_parent_dir(path)
+    fieldnames = ["known_character", "year", "present"]
+    with path.open("w", newline="") as csv_file:
+        writer = csv.DictWriter(csv_file, fieldnames=fieldnames)
+        writer.writeheader()
+        for row in rows:
+            writer.writerow(row)
diff --git a/scripts/plot_minifig_characters_timeline.py b/scripts/plot_minifig_characters_timeline.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98d9708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/plot_minifig_characters_timeline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+"""Trace la présence annuelle des personnages représentés par les minifigs (hors figurants)."""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from lib.plots.minifig_characters import plot_character_year_presence
+from lib.rebrickable.minifig_characters import (
+    aggregate_presence_by_year,
+    load_minifigs_by_set,
+    load_sets_enriched,
+    write_presence_by_year,
+)
+
+
+MINIFIGS_BY_SET_PATH = Path("data/intermediate/minifigs_by_set.csv")
+SETS_ENRICHED_PATH = Path("data/intermediate/sets_enriched.csv")
+PRESENCE_PATH = Path("data/intermediate/minifig_characters_year_presence.csv")
+DESTINATION_PATH = Path("figures/step22/minifig_characters_timeline.png")
+EXCLUDED_CHARACTERS = ["Figurant"]
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Construit la présence par année et trace la heatmap binaire."""
+    minifigs = load_minifigs_by_set(MINIFIGS_BY_SET_PATH)
+    sets_years = load_sets_enriched(SETS_ENRICHED_PATH)
+    presence = aggregate_presence_by_year(minifigs, sets_years, excluded_characters=EXCLUDED_CHARACTERS)
+    write_presence_by_year(PRESENCE_PATH, presence)
+    plot_character_year_presence(PRESENCE_PATH, DESTINATION_PATH)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/tests/test_minifig_characters.py b/tests/test_minifig_characters.py
index 9dd5944..f35e5c1 100644
--- a/tests/test_minifig_characters.py
+++ b/tests/test_minifig_characters.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from lib.rebrickable.minifig_characters import aggregate_by_character, write_character_counts
+from lib.rebrickable.minifig_characters import aggregate_presence_by_year, write_presence_by_year, load_sets_enriched
 
 
 def test_aggregate_by_character_counts_unique_figs() -> None:
@@ -35,3 +36,25 @@ def test_write_character_counts_outputs_csv(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     write_character_counts(destination, rows)
 
     assert destination.read_text() == "known_character,minifig_count\nA,2\nB,1\n"
+
+
+def test_aggregate_presence_by_year_excludes_figurants(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Calcule la présence annuelle en excluant les figurants."""
+    sets_path = tmp_path / "sets_enriched.csv"
+    sets_path.write_text(
+        "set_num,year\n"
+        "123-1,2020\n"
+        "124-1,2021\n"
+    )
+    minifigs_rows = [
+        {"set_num": "123-1", "known_character": "Owen Grady", "fig_num": "fig-owen", "part_num": "head-a"},
+        {"set_num": "124-1", "known_character": "Figurant", "fig_num": "fig-guard", "part_num": "head-b"},
+    ]
+    sets_years = load_sets_enriched(sets_path)
+
+    presence = aggregate_presence_by_year(minifigs_rows, sets_years, excluded_characters=["Figurant"])
+
+    assert presence == [
+        {"known_character": "Owen Grady", "year": "2020", "present": "1"},
+        {"known_character": "Owen Grady", "year": "2021", "present": "0"},
+    ]
diff --git a/tests/test_minifig_characters_timeline_plot.py b/tests/test_minifig_characters_timeline_plot.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74c96a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_minifig_characters_timeline_plot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""Tests du graphique de présence annuelle des personnages."""
+
+import matplotlib
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from lib.plots.minifig_characters import plot_character_year_presence
+
+
+matplotlib.use("Agg")
+
+
+def test_plot_character_year_presence(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    """Génère la heatmap binaire personnage × année."""
+    presence_path = tmp_path / "minifig_characters_year_presence.csv"
+    destination = tmp_path / "figures" / "step22" / "minifig_characters_timeline.png"
+    presence_path.write_text(
+        "known_character,year,present\n"
+        "Owen Grady,2020,1\n"
+        "Owen Grady,2021,0\n"
+        "Figurant,2020,1\n"
+    )
+
+    plot_character_year_presence(presence_path, destination)
+
+    assert destination.exists()
+    assert destination.stat().st_size > 0