caddy-opnsense-blocker/internal/investigation/service.go

package investigation

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/csv"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"net/netip"
	"net/url"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"git.dern.ovh/infrastructure/caddy-opnsense-blocker/internal/config"
	"git.dern.ovh/infrastructure/caddy-opnsense-blocker/internal/model"
)

const (
	defaultRDAPBootstrapIPv4 = "https://data.iana.org/rdap/ipv4.json"
	defaultRDAPBootstrapIPv6 = "https://data.iana.org/rdap/ipv6.json"
	spamhausLookupZone       = "zen.spamhaus.org"
)

type dnsResolver interface {
	LookupAddr(ctx context.Context, addr string) ([]string, error)
	LookupIPAddr(ctx context.Context, host string) ([]net.IPAddr, error)
	LookupHost(ctx context.Context, host string) ([]string, error)
}

type httpClient interface {
	Do(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
}

type Service struct {
	cfg      config.InvestigationConfig
	logger   *log.Logger
	client   httpClient
	resolver dnsResolver

	mu             sync.Mutex
	networkCache   map[string]networkCacheEntry
	bootstrapCache map[string]bootstrapCacheEntry
	providers      []botProvider
	bootstrapURLs  map[string]string
}

type networkCacheEntry struct {
	updatedAt time.Time
	networks  []netip.Prefix
}

type bootstrapCacheEntry struct {
	updatedAt time.Time
	services  []rdapService
}

type rdapService struct {
	prefixes []netip.Prefix
	urls     []string
}

type botProvider struct {
	ID                 string
	Name               string
	Icon               string
	SourceFormat       string
	CacheTTL           time.Duration
	IPRangeURLs        []string
	ReverseDNSSuffixes []string
	UserAgentPrefixes  []string
}

func New(cfg config.InvestigationConfig, logger *log.Logger) *Service {
	return newService(
		cfg,
		&http.Client{Timeout: cfg.Timeout.Duration},
		net.DefaultResolver,
		logger,
		defaultBotProviders(),
		map[string]string{
			"ipv4": defaultRDAPBootstrapIPv4,
			"ipv6": defaultRDAPBootstrapIPv6,
		},
	)
}

func newService(
	cfg config.InvestigationConfig,
	client httpClient,
	resolver dnsResolver,
	logger *log.Logger,
	providers []botProvider,
	bootstrapURLs map[string]string,
) *Service {
	if logger == nil {
		logger = log.New(io.Discard, "", 0)
	}
	return &Service{
		cfg:            cfg,
		logger:         logger,
		client:         client,
		resolver:       resolver,
		networkCache:   map[string]networkCacheEntry{},
		bootstrapCache: map[string]bootstrapCacheEntry{},
		providers:      providers,
		bootstrapURLs:  bootstrapURLs,
	}
}

func (s *Service) Investigate(ctx context.Context, ip string, userAgents []string) (model.IPInvestigation, error) {
	parsed, err := netip.ParseAddr(strings.TrimSpace(ip))
	if err != nil {
		return model.IPInvestigation{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid ip address %q: %w", ip, err)
	}

	investigation := model.IPInvestigation{
		IP:        parsed.String(),
		UpdatedAt: time.Now().UTC(),
	}
	if !s.cfg.Enabled {
		return investigation, nil
	}

	lookupCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, s.cfg.Timeout.Duration)
	defer cancel()

	normalizedUserAgents := normalizeUserAgents(userAgents)
	botMatch, reverseDNSInfo := s.identifyBot(lookupCtx, parsed, normalizedUserAgents)
	if botMatch != nil {
		investigation.Bot = botMatch
		investigation.ReverseDNS = reverseDNSInfo
		return investigation, nil
	}
	if hint := detectBotHint(userAgents); hint != nil {
		investigation.Bot = hint
	}

	warnings := make([]string, 0, 2)
	if reverseDNSInfo == nil {
		reverseDNSInfo, err = s.lookupReverseDNS(lookupCtx, parsed)
		if err != nil {
			warnings = append(warnings, err.Error())
		}
	}
	if reverseDNSInfo != nil {
		investigation.ReverseDNS = reverseDNSInfo
	}

	registration, err := s.lookupRegistration(lookupCtx, parsed)
	if err != nil {
		warnings = append(warnings, err.Error())
	} else if registration != nil {
		investigation.Registration = registration
	}

	if s.cfg.SpamhausEnabled {
		reputation, err := s.lookupSpamhaus(lookupCtx, parsed)
		if err != nil {
			warnings = append(warnings, err.Error())
		} else if reputation != nil {
			investigation.Reputation = reputation
		}
	}

	if len(warnings) > 0 {
		investigation.Error = strings.Join(uniqueStrings(warnings), "; ")
	}
	return investigation, nil
}

func (s *Service) identifyBot(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr, userAgents []string) (*model.BotMatch, *model.ReverseDNSInfo) {
	var reverseDNSInfo *model.ReverseDNSInfo
	for _, provider := range s.providers {
		if len(provider.IPRangeURLs) > 0 {
			networks, err := s.loadPublishedNetworks(ctx, provider)
			if err != nil {
				s.logger.Printf("bot provider %s: %v", provider.ID, err)
			} else if ipMatchesPrefixes(ip, networks) {
				if len(provider.UserAgentPrefixes) == 0 || userAgentMatchesPrefixes(userAgents, provider.UserAgentPrefixes) {
					method := "published_ranges"
					if len(provider.UserAgentPrefixes) > 0 {
						method = "user_agent+published_ranges"
					}
					return &model.BotMatch{
						ProviderID: provider.ID,
						Name:       provider.Name,
						Icon:       provider.Icon,
						Method:     method,
						Verified:   true,
					}, reverseDNSInfo
				}
			}
		}

		if len(provider.ReverseDNSSuffixes) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		info, err := s.lookupReverseDNS(ctx, ip)
		if err != nil {
			s.logger.Printf("bot provider %s reverse DNS: %v", provider.ID, err)
			continue
		}
		if info == nil {
			continue
		}
		reverseDNSInfo = info
		ptr := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSuffix(info.PTR, "."))
		if ptr == "" || !info.ForwardConfirmed {
			continue
		}
		for _, suffix := range provider.ReverseDNSSuffixes {
			if strings.HasSuffix(ptr, suffix) {
				return &model.BotMatch{
					ProviderID: provider.ID,
					Name:       provider.Name,
					Icon:       provider.Icon,
					Method:     "reverse_dns+fcrdns",
					Verified:   true,
				}, reverseDNSInfo
			}
		}
	}
	return nil, reverseDNSInfo
}

func (s *Service) loadPublishedNetworks(ctx context.Context, provider botProvider) ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
	s.mu.Lock()
	entry, found := s.networkCache[provider.ID]
	s.mu.Unlock()
	if found && time.Since(entry.updatedAt) < provider.CacheTTL {
		return append([]netip.Prefix(nil), entry.networks...), nil
	}

	networks := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, 64)
	errMessages := make([]string, 0, len(provider.IPRangeURLs))
	for _, sourceURL := range provider.IPRangeURLs {
		payload, err := s.fetchDocument(ctx, sourceURL)
		if err != nil {
			errMessages = append(errMessages, err.Error())
			continue
		}
		parsed, err := parsePublishedNetworks(payload, provider.SourceFormat, sourceURL)
		if err != nil {
			errMessages = append(errMessages, err.Error())
			continue
		}
		networks = append(networks, parsed...)
	}
	if len(networks) == 0 && len(errMessages) > 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("load published ranges for %s: %s", provider.ID, strings.Join(uniqueStrings(errMessages), "; "))
	}
	networks = uniquePrefixes(networks)
	s.mu.Lock()
	s.networkCache[provider.ID] = networkCacheEntry{updatedAt: time.Now().UTC(), networks: append([]netip.Prefix(nil), networks...)}
	s.mu.Unlock()
	return networks, nil
}

func parsePublishedNetworks(payload []byte, sourceFormat string, sourceURL string) ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
	switch sourceFormat {
	case "json_prefixes":
		var document struct {
			Prefixes []struct {
				IPv4Prefix string `json:"ipv4Prefix"`
				IPv6Prefix string `json:"ipv6Prefix"`
			} `json:"prefixes"`
		}
		if err := json.Unmarshal(payload, &document); err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode published prefix payload from %s: %w", sourceURL, err)
		}
		networks := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(document.Prefixes))
		for _, entry := range document.Prefixes {
			rawPrefix := strings.TrimSpace(entry.IPv4Prefix)
			if rawPrefix == "" {
				rawPrefix = strings.TrimSpace(entry.IPv6Prefix)
			}
			if rawPrefix == "" {
				continue
			}
			prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rawPrefix)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse published prefix %q from %s: %w", rawPrefix, sourceURL, err)
			}
			networks = append(networks, prefix.Masked())
		}
		return networks, nil
	case "geofeed_csv":
		reader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(string(payload)))
		rows, err := reader.ReadAll()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode geofeed payload from %s: %w", sourceURL, err)
		}
		networks := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(rows))
		for _, row := range rows {
			if len(row) == 0 {
				continue
			}
			candidate := strings.TrimSpace(row[0])
			if candidate == "" || strings.HasPrefix(candidate, "#") {
				continue
			}
			prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(candidate)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse geofeed prefix %q from %s: %w", candidate, sourceURL, err)
			}
			networks = append(networks, prefix.Masked())
		}
		return networks, nil
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported source format %q for %s", sourceFormat, sourceURL)
	}
}

func (s *Service) lookupReverseDNS(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr) (*model.ReverseDNSInfo, error) {
	names, err := s.resolver.LookupAddr(ctx, ip.String())
	if err != nil {
		if isDNSNotFound(err) {
			return nil, nil
		}
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("reverse dns lookup for %s: %w", ip, err)
	}
	if len(names) == 0 {
		return nil, nil
	}
	sort.Strings(names)
	ptr := strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimSpace(names[0]), ".")
	if ptr == "" {
		return nil, nil
	}

	resolvedIPs, err := s.resolver.LookupIPAddr(ctx, ptr)
	if err != nil && !isDNSNotFound(err) {
		return &model.ReverseDNSInfo{PTR: ptr, ForwardConfirmed: false}, fmt.Errorf("forward-confirm dns lookup for %s: %w", ptr, err)
	}
	forwardConfirmed := false
	for _, resolved := range resolvedIPs {
		addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(resolved.IP)
		if ok && addr.Unmap() == ip.Unmap() {
			forwardConfirmed = true
			break
		}
	}
	return &model.ReverseDNSInfo{PTR: ptr, ForwardConfirmed: forwardConfirmed}, nil
}

func (s *Service) lookupRegistration(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr) (*model.RegistrationInfo, error) {
	family := "ipv4"
	if ip.Is6() {
		family = "ipv6"
	}
	services, err := s.loadBootstrap(ctx, family)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	baseURL := lookupRDAPBaseURL(ip, services)
	if baseURL == "" {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no RDAP service found for %s", ip)
	}
	requestURL := strings.TrimRight(baseURL, "/") + "/ip/" + url.PathEscape(ip.String())
	payload, err := s.fetchJSONDocument(ctx, requestURL)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("rdap lookup for %s: %w", ip, err)
	}
	registration := &model.RegistrationInfo{
		Source:       requestURL,
		Handle:       strings.TrimSpace(asString(payload["handle"])),
		Name:         strings.TrimSpace(asString(payload["name"])),
		Country:      strings.TrimSpace(asString(payload["country"])),
		Prefix:       extractPrefix(payload),
		Organization: extractOrganization(payload),
		AbuseEmail:   extractAbuseEmail(payload["entities"]),
	}
	if registration.Organization == "" {
		registration.Organization = registration.Name
	}
	if registration.Name == "" && registration.Organization == "" && registration.Handle == "" && registration.Prefix == "" && registration.Country == "" && registration.AbuseEmail == "" {
		return nil, nil
	}
	return registration, nil
}

func (s *Service) loadBootstrap(ctx context.Context, family string) ([]rdapService, error) {
	s.mu.Lock()
	entry, found := s.bootstrapCache[family]
	s.mu.Unlock()
	if found && time.Since(entry.updatedAt) < 24*time.Hour {
		return append([]rdapService(nil), entry.services...), nil
	}

	bootstrapURL := s.bootstrapURLs[family]
	payload, err := s.fetchDocument(ctx, bootstrapURL)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("fetch %s RDAP bootstrap: %w", family, err)
	}
	services, err := parseBootstrap(payload, bootstrapURL)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	s.mu.Lock()
	s.bootstrapCache[family] = bootstrapCacheEntry{updatedAt: time.Now().UTC(), services: append([]rdapService(nil), services...)}
	s.mu.Unlock()
	return services, nil
}

func parseBootstrap(payload []byte, sourceURL string) ([]rdapService, error) {
	var document struct {
		Services [][][]string `json:"services"`
	}
	if err := json.Unmarshal(payload, &document); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode RDAP bootstrap from %s: %w", sourceURL, err)
	}
	services := make([]rdapService, 0, len(document.Services))
	for _, rawService := range document.Services {
		if len(rawService) < 2 {
			continue
		}
		prefixes := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(rawService[0]))
		for _, candidate := range rawService[0] {
			prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(strings.TrimSpace(candidate))
			if err != nil {
				continue
			}
			prefixes = append(prefixes, prefix.Masked())
		}
		if len(prefixes) == 0 || len(rawService[1]) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		services = append(services, rdapService{prefixes: prefixes, urls: append([]string(nil), rawService[1]...)})
	}
	if len(services) == 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty RDAP bootstrap payload from %s", sourceURL)
	}
	return services, nil
}

func lookupRDAPBaseURL(ip netip.Addr, services []rdapService) string {
	bestBits := -1
	bestURL := ""
	for _, service := range services {
		for _, prefix := range service.prefixes {
			if prefix.Contains(ip) && prefix.Bits() > bestBits && len(service.urls) > 0 {
				bestBits = prefix.Bits()
				bestURL = strings.TrimSpace(service.urls[0])
			}
		}
	}
	return bestURL
}

func (s *Service) lookupSpamhaus(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr) (*model.ReputationInfo, error) {
	if !isPublicIP(ip) {
		return nil, nil
	}
	lookupName, err := spamhausLookupName(ip)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	answers, err := s.resolver.LookupHost(ctx, lookupName)
	if err != nil {
		if isDNSNotFound(err) {
			return &model.ReputationInfo{SpamhausLookup: spamhausLookupZone, SpamhausListed: false}, nil
		}
		return &model.ReputationInfo{SpamhausLookup: spamhausLookupZone, Error: err.Error()}, nil
	}
	return &model.ReputationInfo{
		SpamhausLookup: spamhausLookupZone,
		SpamhausListed: len(answers) > 0,
		SpamhausCodes:  uniqueStrings(answers),
	}, nil
}

func (s *Service) fetchDocument(ctx context.Context, requestURL string) ([]byte, error) {
	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, requestURL, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("build request for %s: %w", requestURL, err)
	}
	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", s.cfg.UserAgent)

	resp, err := s.client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request %s: %w", requestURL, err)
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 300 {
		payload, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 8<<10))
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request %s returned %s: %s", requestURL, resp.Status, strings.TrimSpace(string(payload)))
	}
	payload, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 4<<20))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read response %s: %w", requestURL, err)
	}
	return payload, nil
}

func (s *Service) fetchJSONDocument(ctx context.Context, requestURL string) (map[string]any, error) {
	payload, err := s.fetchDocument(ctx, requestURL)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	var decoded map[string]any
	if err := json.Unmarshal(payload, &decoded); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode json payload from %s: %w", requestURL, err)
	}
	return decoded, nil
}

func defaultBotProviders() []botProvider {
	return []botProvider{
		{
			ID:           "google_official",
			Name:         "Googlebot",
			Icon:         "🤖",
			SourceFormat: "json_prefixes",
			CacheTTL:     24 * time.Hour,
			IPRangeURLs: []string{
				"https://developers.google.com/static/crawling/ipranges/common-crawlers.json",
				"https://developers.google.com/static/crawling/ipranges/special-crawlers.json",
				"https://developers.google.com/static/crawling/ipranges/user-triggered-fetchers-google.json",
			},
		},
		{
			ID:                 "bing_official",
			Name:               "Bingbot",
			Icon:               "🤖",
			SourceFormat:       "json_prefixes",
			CacheTTL:           24 * time.Hour,
			ReverseDNSSuffixes: []string{".search.msn.com"},
		},
		{
			ID:                 "apple_official",
			Name:               "Applebot",
			Icon:               "🤖",
			SourceFormat:       "json_prefixes",
			CacheTTL:           24 * time.Hour,
			IPRangeURLs:        []string{"https://search.developer.apple.com/applebot.json"},
			ReverseDNSSuffixes: []string{".applebot.apple.com"},
		},
		{
			ID:           "facebook_official",
			Name:         "Meta crawler",
			Icon:         "🤖",
			SourceFormat: "geofeed_csv",
			CacheTTL:     24 * time.Hour,
			IPRangeURLs:  []string{"https://www.facebook.com/peering/geofeed"},
			UserAgentPrefixes: []string{
				"facebookexternalhit/",
				"meta-webindexer/",
				"meta-externalads/",
				"meta-externalagent/",
				"meta-externalfetcher/",
			},
		},
		{
			ID:           "duckduckgo_official",
			Name:         "DuckDuckBot",
			Icon:         "🤖",
			SourceFormat: "json_prefixes",
			CacheTTL:     24 * time.Hour,
			IPRangeURLs:  []string{"https://duckduckgo.com/duckduckbot.json"},
		},
	}
}

func ipMatchesPrefixes(ip netip.Addr, prefixes []netip.Prefix) bool {
	for _, prefix := range prefixes {
		if prefix.Contains(ip) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func userAgentMatchesPrefixes(userAgents []string, prefixes []string) bool {
	for _, agent := range userAgents {
		for _, prefix := range prefixes {
			if strings.HasPrefix(agent, prefix) {
				return true
			}
		}
	}
	return false
}

func normalizeUserAgents(userAgents []string) []string {
	items := make([]string, 0, len(userAgents))
	for _, userAgent := range userAgents {
		normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(userAgent))
		if normalized == "" {
			continue
		}
		items = append(items, normalized)
	}
	return uniqueStrings(items)
}

func detectBotHint(userAgents []string) *model.BotMatch {
	for _, userAgent := range userAgents {
		name := extractBotHintName(userAgent)
		if name == "" {
			continue
		}
		return &model.BotMatch{
			ProviderID: strings.ToLower(name),
			Name:       name,
			Icon:       "🤖",
			Method:     "user_agent_hint",
			Verified:   false,
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func extractBotHintName(userAgent string) string {
	parts := strings.FieldsFunc(userAgent, func(value rune) bool {
		switch value {
		case ' ', ';', '(', ')', ',', '\t':
			return true
		default:
			return false
		}
	})
	for _, part := range parts {
		base := strings.TrimSpace(strings.SplitN(part, "/", 2)[0])
		if base == "" {
			continue
		}
		normalized := strings.ToLower(base)
		if strings.Contains(normalized, "bot") || strings.Contains(normalized, "crawler") || strings.Contains(normalized, "spider") || strings.Contains(normalized, "slurp") || strings.Contains(normalized, "fetcher") || strings.Contains(normalized, "indexer") || strings.Contains(normalized, "preview") || strings.Contains(normalized, "externalhit") {
			return base
		}
	}
	return ""
}

func extractPrefix(payload map[string]any) string {
	items, ok := payload["cidr0_cidrs"].([]any)
	if !ok {
		return ""
	}
	for _, item := range items {
		entry, ok := item.(map[string]any)
		if !ok {
			continue
		}
		prefix := strings.TrimSpace(asString(entry["v4prefix"]))
		if prefix == "" {
			prefix = strings.TrimSpace(asString(entry["v6prefix"]))
		}
		length := asInt(entry["length"])
		if prefix == "" || length == 0 {
			continue
		}
		return prefix + "/" + strconv.Itoa(length)
	}
	return ""
}

func extractOrganization(payload map[string]any) string {
	if organization := extractEntityName(payload["entities"]); organization != "" {
		return organization
	}
	return strings.TrimSpace(asString(payload["name"]))
}

func extractEntityName(value any) string {
	entities, ok := value.([]any)
	if !ok {
		return ""
	}
	for _, rawEntity := range entities {
		entity, ok := rawEntity.(map[string]any)
		if !ok {
			continue
		}
		if name := strings.TrimSpace(asString(entity["fn"])); name != "" {
			return name
		}
		if name := extractVCardText(entity["vcardArray"], "fn"); name != "" {
			return name
		}
		if nested := extractEntityName(entity["entities"]); nested != "" {
			return nested
		}
	}
	return ""
}

func extractAbuseEmail(value any) string {
	entities, ok := value.([]any)
	if !ok {
		return ""
	}
	for _, rawEntity := range entities {
		entity, ok := rawEntity.(map[string]any)
		if !ok {
			continue
		}
		roles := toStrings(entity["roles"])
		if containsString(roles, "abuse") {
			if email := extractVCardText(entity["vcardArray"], "email"); email != "" {
				return email
			}
		}
		if nested := extractAbuseEmail(entity["entities"]); nested != "" {
			return nested
		}
	}
	return ""
}

func extractVCardText(value any, field string) string {
	items, ok := value.([]any)
	if !ok || len(items) < 2 {
		return ""
	}
	rows, ok := items[1].([]any)
	if !ok {
		return ""
	}
	for _, rawRow := range rows {
		row, ok := rawRow.([]any)
		if !ok || len(row) < 4 {
			continue
		}
		name, ok := row[0].(string)
		if !ok || name != field {
			continue
		}
		textValue, ok := row[3].(string)
		if ok {
			return strings.TrimSpace(textValue)
		}
	}
	return ""
}

func spamhausLookupName(ip netip.Addr) (string, error) {
	ip = ip.Unmap()
	if ip.Is4() {
		bytes := ip.As4()
		return fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d.%d.%s", bytes[3], bytes[2], bytes[1], bytes[0], spamhausLookupZone), nil
	}
	if ip.Is6() {
		bytes := ip.As16()
		hexString := hex.EncodeToString(bytes[:])
		parts := make([]string, 0, len(hexString))
		for index := len(hexString) - 1; index >= 0; index-- {
			parts = append(parts, string(hexString[index]))
		}
		return strings.Join(parts, ".") + "." + spamhausLookupZone, nil
	}
	return "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported ip family for %s", ip)
}

func uniquePrefixes(items []netip.Prefix) []netip.Prefix {
	if len(items) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(items))
	result := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(items))
	for _, item := range items {
		key := item.Masked().String()
		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
			continue
		}
		seen[key] = struct{}{}
		result = append(result, item.Masked())
	}
	sort.Slice(result, func(left int, right int) bool {
		if result[left].Bits() == result[right].Bits() {
			return result[left].String() < result[right].String()
		}
		return result[left].Bits() > result[right].Bits()
	})
	return result
}

func uniqueStrings(items []string) []string {
	if len(items) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(items))
	result := make([]string, 0, len(items))
	for _, item := range items {
		if _, ok := seen[item]; ok {
			continue
		}
		seen[item] = struct{}{}
		result = append(result, item)
	}
	sort.Strings(result)
	return result
}

func containsString(items []string, expected string) bool {
	for _, item := range items {
		if item == expected {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func toStrings(value any) []string {
	rawItems, ok := value.([]any)
	if !ok {
		return nil
	}
	items := make([]string, 0, len(rawItems))
	for _, rawItem := range rawItems {
		if text, ok := rawItem.(string); ok {
			items = append(items, strings.TrimSpace(text))
		}
	}
	return items
}

func asString(value any) string {
	text, _ := value.(string)
	return text
}

func asInt(value any) int {
	switch current := value.(type) {
	case float64:
		return int(current)
	case float32:
		return int(current)
	case int:
		return current
	case int64:
		return int(current)
	case json.Number:
		converted, _ := current.Int64()
		return int(converted)
	default:
		return 0
	}
}

func isDNSNotFound(err error) bool {
	var dnsError *net.DNSError
	if errors.As(err, &dnsError) {
		return dnsError.IsNotFound
	}
	return false
}

func isPublicIP(ip netip.Addr) bool {
	ip = ip.Unmap()
	if !ip.IsValid() || ip.IsLoopback() || ip.IsMulticast() || ip.IsPrivate() || ip.IsLinkLocalMulticast() || ip.IsLinkLocalUnicast() || ip.IsUnspecified() {
		return false
	}
	return true
}